ABSTRACT Background: Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease have a bidirectional relationship, being prevention the essential tool to achieve an improvement in the level of oral health. Objective: To identify the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices of periodontal disease in diabetic patients. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted from September 2019 to April 2020 in the diabetic population aged 19 to 40 years at the doctor´s office 11 in Zaza del Medio health area of Taguasco municipality in Sancti Spíritus province. The variables age, sex, level of knowledge, attitudes and practices on oral health were studied. Results: 67.9 % of the patients had a low level of knowledge about periodontal disease, 78.6 % had an unfavorable attitude and 57.1 % had deficient practices. Conclusions: The majority of diabetic patients presented low level of knowledge, non-favorable attitude and poor practices to accomplish periodontal health.

RESUMEN Fundamento: La diabetes mellitus y la enfermedad periodontal tienen una relación bidireccional, siendo la prevención la herramienta indispensable para lograr el mejoramiento del nivel de salud bucal. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de la enfermedad periodontal en pacientes diabéticos. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal de septiembre de 2019 a abril de 2020 en la población diabética de 19 a 40 años del Consultorio Médico de Familia n.o 11 del área de salud de Zaza del Medio perteneciente al municipio Taguasco, provincia Sancti Spíritus. Se estudiaron las variables edad, sexo, nivel de conocimiento, actitudes y prácticas sobre salud bucal. Resultados: En el 67.9 % de los pacientes se observó bajo nivel de conocimientos sobre la enfermedad periodontal, actitud desfavorable el 78.6 % y prácticas deficientes el 57.1 %. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes diabéticos presentó bajo nivel de conocimientos, actitud desfavorable y prácticas deficientes para lograr la salud periodontal.

ABSTRACT Background: Oral diseases and curative actions are present in 4th grade schoolchildren while educational actions preceded by an educational diagnosis are deficient and insufficient. Objective: To identify the knowledge, attitudes, practices on oral health and the efficiency of Oral brushing in 4th grade schoolchildren. Methodology: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out during the 2020-2021 academic course at Pepito Tey primary school in Trinidad city, in Sancti Spíritus province, with all (71) of the 4th grade students. The variables studied were: knowledge, practices, attitudes about oral health and efficiency of oral brushing. Some methods from the theoretical, empirical and statistical-mathematical level were used with the application of a questionnaire and an interview guide, for brushing efficiency. Results: 71.8 % of schoolchildren with insufficient knowledge were found, 74.6 % with an unfavorable attitude and 81.7 % with insufficient practices on oral health, as well as the 93 % with inefficient oral brushing. Conclusions: More than a third of the schoolchildren had insufficient knowledge, unfavorable attitudes and insufficient practices of oral health and most brushing is not efficient.

RESUMEN Fundamento: En escolares de 4.to grado están presentes enfermedades bucales y se realizan acciones curativas, mientras que las educativas precedidas de un diagnóstico educativo, son deficientes e insuficientes. Objetivo: Identificar los conocimientos, actitudes, prácticas sobre salud bucal y la eficiencia del cepillado bucodental en los escolares de 4.to grado. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal durante el curso 2020-2021 de la Escuela Primaria Pepito Tey del municipio Trinidad, provincia Sancti Spíritus, con la totalidad (71) de los escolares de 4.to grado. Las variables estudiadas fueron: conocimientos, prácticas, actitudes sobre salud bucal y eficiencia del cepillado bucodental. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico-matemático con la aplicación de un cuestionario y una guía de entrevista, para la eficiencia del cepillado se determinó el Índice de Love. Resultados: Se constató el 71.8 % de los escolares con conocimientos insuficientes, el 74.6 % con actitud desfavorable y el 81.7 % con prácticas insuficientes sobre salud bucal, así como el 93 % con cepillado bucodental no eficiente. Conclusiones: Más de la tercera parte de los escolares tuvo conocimientos insuficientes, actitudes no favorables y prácticas insuficientes de salud bucal y la mayoría un cepillado no eficiente.

Resumo Introdução: A prevalência de depressão pós-parto (DPP) varia consideravelmente dependendo dos parâmetros metodológicos utilizados: diferentes populações, métodos de diagnóstico e o tempo pós-parto considerado. Também não há consenso sobre o momento ideal para a triagem, se a DPP pode ser diagnosticada apenas no período puerperal, e por quanto tempo após o parto a depressão pode ser relacionada a ele. Objetivo: Revisar os instrumentos mais usados recentemente para rastreamento e diagnóstico de DPP e os períodos predominantes de diagnóstico. Métodos: Foram selecionados apenas artigos relacionados exclusivamente ao rastreio e diagnóstico publicados num período de 5 anos. A amostra incluiu 22 artigos. Resultados: A Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo (EPDS) foi a ferramenta mais frequente, utilizada em 68% da amostra (15 artigos), seguida pelo Inventário de Depressão de Beck (27%, 6 artigos) e o Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (18%, 4 artigos). O tempo de rastreio foi definido em 21/22 artigos: 0-3 meses pós-parto em 9 (43%), < 6 meses em 4 (19%), e ≤ 12 meses em 8 (38%). Treze artigos selecionaram as mulheres durante os primeiros 6 meses (59%), enquanto apenas 8 (36%) o fizeram até 1 ano. Conclusão: A EPDS foi o instrumento mais utilizado para o diagnóstico de DPP, mas outras escalas também foram aplicadas. O período mais comum para o diagnóstico foi de < 3 meses pós-parto. No entanto, alguns pesquisadores consideraram o diagnóstico de PPD em ≤ 12 meses após o parto. Há necessidade de maior padronização de parâmetros em relação à investigação desta doença.

Abstract Introduction: Prevalence rates of postpartum depression (PPD) vary widely, depending on the methodological parameters used in studies: differences in study populations, diagnostic methods, and postpartum time frame. There is also no consensus on the ideal time to perform screening, on whether PPD can only be diagnosed in the early postnatal period, or on how soon after a delivery depression may be related to it. Objective: To review which instruments have been used over recent years to screen and diagnose PPD and the prevailing periods of diagnosis. Methods: Only articles published within 5 years and related exclusively to screening and diagnosis were selected. The sample comprised 22 articles. Results: The Edinburgh Posnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was the most common screening tool, used in 68% of the sample (15 articles), followed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) (27%, 6 articles), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (18%, 4 articles). Screening time frame was reported in 21/22 articles: 0 to 3 months postpartum in 9 (43%), up to 6 months in 4 (19%), and up to 12 months or more in 8 (38%). In short, 13 articles screened during the first 6 months (59%) while only 8 (36%) screened up to 1 year. Conclusion: The most frequent PPD diagnosis tool was the EPDS, but other scales were also used. The most common period for diagnosis was up to 3 months postpartum. However, some researchers diagnosed PPD 12 months or more postpartum. Greater standardization of parameters for investigation of this disease is needed.

Objective: Pregnant women and their health care professionals commonly believe that use of medications during pregnancy may be harmful to the unborn fetus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk perception of psychotropic drug use in pregnancy among physicians in different medical specialties. Method: This was a convenience survey conducted at outpatient clinics in the cities of Recife, Brazil, and La Plata, Bahía Blanca, and Buenos Aires, Argentina. Physicians who agreed to participate were asked to rate their perception of teratogenic risk among different classes of drugs, which included antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and benzodiazepines. Results: Two hundred and thirty-eight physicians completed the survey (response rate, 98%). These included psychiatrists, obstetricians, neurologists, cardiologists, gastroenterologists, and general practitioners. Among different specialties, a minority of psychiatrists perceived psychotropic drugs to be highly teratogenic (antidepressants, 12.5%; antipsychotics, 15%; benzodiazepines, 25%) as compared with other specialties (p < 0.003 for each drug class). There was no difference in perceived risk of antiepileptic drugs among specialties, including psychiatrists. Conclusion: The risk associated with use of psychotropic drugs in pregnancy was overestimated by physicians of all medical specialties, except psychiatry. All physicians should be aware of the safety/risk of psychotropic agents in pregnancy, as they may be required to give advice and/or prescribe these drugs to pregnant women.

Leotia lubrica (Ascomycota, Leotiomycetes, Leotiales, Leotiaceae) was recorded for the first time from Argentina in Lago Puelo National Park, Chubut Province. It has been previously cited in the native forest of Chile, Los Lagos Region in southern South America. The species is distributed in temperate regions around the world. A description and photographs of the species are included.

Leotia lubrica (Ascomycota, Leotiomycetes, Leotiales, Leotiaceae) se registra por primera vez para la Argentina en el Parque Nacional Lago Puelo, Chubut. La especie había sido previamente citada en los bosques nativos de Chile en la Región de los Lagos, en el sur de Sudamérica. La especie se distribuye en regiones templadas alrededor del mundo. Se incluye una descripción y fotografías de la especie.

A checklist of some hysteriaceous Ascomycota from Argentina and Chile has been compiled recognizing: 35 accepted species in 11 genera distributed in the families Hysteriaceae and Mytilinidiaceae. Synonymous and doutful species are included. The catalog is based mainly on the literature reports and our own collections and publications, as well as herbarium specimens.

Este catálogo de algunos Ascomycota con histerotecios, registrados para Argentina y Chile, ha sido confeccionado reconociendo: 35 especies aceptadas en 11 géneros distribuidos en las familias Hysteriaceae y Mytilinidiaceae. Se incluyen los sinónimos y las especies dudosas. El catálogo se basó principalmente en literatura, nuestras propias colecciones y publicaciones, como así también en especímenes de herbario.

This is the first record of Rosa canina L. as a host of Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr.) de Bary in Argentina. Although developed on different plant organs (leaves, stems and fruits) this pathogen does not seem to affect appreciably the growth of the exotic shrub.

Se cita por primera vez a Rosa canina L. como hospedador del oídio Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr.) de Bary en Argentina. A pesar de desarrollarse sobre diferentes órganos de la planta (hojas, tallo y frutos) este patógeno no parece afectar de manera apreciable el crecimiento del arbusto exótico.

The present contribution is the second part of the taxonomic studies about the genus Hysterographium from South America. During the revision of Spegazzini´s type specimens, three valid species (H. andicola, H. australe and H. praeandinum), two doubtful species (H. cumingii and H. cuyanum), and one synonym of H. mori (H. bonaerense) were confirmed. Hysterographium subfuscum is not a valid species. Lectotypes for H. andicola and H. praeandinum were designated. A key to species of Hysterographium recorded from Argentina, Chile and Paraguay is presented.

La presente contribución es la segunda parte de los estudios taxonómicos sobre el género Hysterographium para Sudamérica. Durante la revisión de los especímenes tipo de Spegazzini, se estableció la validez de tres especies (H. andicola, H. australe y H. praeandinum), dos especies se consideraron dudosas (H. cumingii y H. cuyanum) y se propuso a H. bonaerense como sinónimo de H. mori. Hysterographium subfuscum no es una especie válida. Se designaron lectotipos para H. andicola y H. praeandinum. Se presenta una clave de las especies de Hysterographium registradas para Argentina, Chile y Paraguay.

Fourteen specimens identified as Hysterium lineare Fr. in Farlow Herbarium (FH) were examined during a study of some hysteriaceous Ascomycota. This analysis revealed that the collections belong to the genera: Gloniella , Gloniopsis , Glonium , Hysterium , Hysterographium , and Mytilinidion. This article comprises a list of current names arranged alphabetically, with collection data and some comments about the identifications.

Durante el estudio de algunas especies de Ascomycota con histerotecios, se examinaron catorce especímenes del Herbario Farlow (FH) identificados como Hysterium lineare Fr. Este análisis reveló que las colecciones corresponden a los géneros: Gloniella , Gloniopsis , Glonium , Hysterium , Hysterographium y Mytilinidion . Este artículo presenta una lista de los nombres actuales de las especies ordenadas alfabéticamente, con los datos de colección y algunos comentarios sobre las identificaciones.

The genus Glyphium, represented by G. elatum (Ascomycota) is recorded for the first time among the mycobiota of Argentina. Prior to this finding, this species was known in southern South America from southern Chile only. The new record extends its geographic range to the temperate-humid forests in the Andean-Patagonian regions of Argentina. Glyphium elatum is described and illustrated.

El género Glyphium (Ascomycota) representado por G. elatum, se cita por primera vez para la micobiota de la Argentina. Hasta la fecha, en el sur de Sudamérica, la especie había sido registrada en el sur de Chile solamente. Esta cita extiende su distribución geográfica a la región de los bosques húmedos andino-patagónicos de la Argentina. Glyphium elatum es descripta e ilustrada.